Several mangrove forests sit by the coast of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. With their outstretched roots and cover, mangroves provide a great service to the ecosystems and communities near them. They also provide shelter to a wide array of marine and arboreal species, producing some of the most diverse ecosystems in the country. Human communities near these forests have a socio-economic relationship with them, as they can scour for shrimps, crabs, and mollusks to sell for profit. They also provide a buffer during storms and strong tidal waves, which can harm the structures near the mangrove forest. However, coastal erosion, urbanization, aquaculture, agriculture, illegal logging, and sand siltation, among others, pose a threat to the mangroves.

The paper “Regeneration Capacity and Threats to Mangrove Areas on the Southern Coast of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines: Implications to Mangrove Ecosystem Rehabilitation” by Aaron Froilan M. Raganas of UP Mindanao, Nelson M. Pampolina and Annalee Hadsall of UP Los Baños, and Stefan Hotes of Chuo University published in the Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity examines the regeneration capacity of mangrove forests in six areas in Oriental Mindoro: Agsalin, Gloria; Tambong, Bansud; Dayhagan, Bongabong; Dalahican, Roxas; Cabalwa, Mansalay; and Caratao, Bulalacao. Community residents and staff from the Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office (MENRO), Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO), Coastal Resources Management Office (CRMO), and ‘Bantay-dagat’ (coast guards) interviewed said they have observed some of the threats mentioned above in the mangrove areas in their respective municipality.

The study shows that mangroves are highly resilient and may even grow inland in more elevated areas. However, fishpond operations pose the highest threat to the regeneration of the mangroves and should be mitigated or at least minimized. The local government units (LGUs) should closely and constantly monitor the status of the mangrove areas to ensure their protection. The paper also confirms that mangrove-planting programs contribute positively but natural regeneration is still the best as the species composition will likely stay the same and it offers low labor demand, low soil disturbances, and good seedlings growth. Finally, the paper recommends that LGUs look into Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR) in mangrove areas, reclaim abandoned fishponds, and encourage the practice of aquasilviculture system instead of the prevailing destructive fishpond practices.

Read the full article here: https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/6012

Filipinos love calamansi and mango. Both are found in refreshments, dishes, sauces, and desserts in day-to-day settings or during special occasions. After we slice or dice the fruits, we discard the peels. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, mangoes produced waste up to 43,000–54,000 MT between 2012 and 2017, and 6,000–11,000 MT for calamansi. They go back to landfills, incinerated, open-dumped, or spread. If not done properly, such practice may lead to contamination of the soil and underground water as solid wastes produce gas such as methane and carbon dioxide, which contributes to our ever-growing problem of greenhouse gases.

The paper entitled “Utilization of Pesticide-Free Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) and Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels for the Production of Acetic Acid with Potential Industrial Application” by Asst. Prof. Jennifer P. Fronteras, Prof. Dominica dM. Dacera, Daisic D. Bello, and Kathleen Joy L. Delos Santos of UP Mindanao published in the Bioresource Technology Reports studies the viability of breaking down the peels and transforming them into acetic acid, which can be used for various industrial applications. Acetic acid is found in vinegar, mayonnaise, and salad dressing, among other things. By utilizing calamansi and mango peels, we can lessen wastage and protect our environment from harm. The technology developed by the study may be used in testing other fruit peels and agricultural by-products, which will also help decrease fruit processing costs.

Read the full article here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100806

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the Philippines is the second top exporter of Cavendish Banana behind Ecuador. The Philippine Statistics Authority reported that ninety-nine percent (99%) of the country’s production comes from Mindanao and provides livelihood to many farmers on the island. However, challenges such as the Fusarium wilt, typhoons, and climate change affect the sustainability of our country’s production. The paper “Factors Affecting Participation in Contract Farming of Smallholder Cavendish Banana Farmers in the Philippines” by UP Mindanao researchers Melissa P. Loquias, Larry N. Digal, Shemaiah Gail Placencia, Ivi Jaquelyn T. Astronomo, Marvin Louie G. Orbeta, and Carol Q. Balgos published in the Agricultural Research explores ways to improve the current conditions of smallholder Cavendish Banana farmers in Santo Tomas, Davao del Norte. 

Through the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL), farm workers received land to till. Multinational companies (MNCs) used to own 50 to 6,0000 hectares of land. Through CARL, MNCs can only own up to five hectares now. To compensate, MNCs started offering contracts to smallholder farmers wherein the farmers plant the Cavendish Banana on their land and sell them exclusively to the MNCs. In return, contract farmers have access to new knowledge and technologies as MNCs usually have stringent protocols to ensure the quality of the bananas, access to formal lending agencies that offer low-interest rates, and ensured income–which lessens the risks of profit loss as the prices are fixed and the farmers have a guaranteed market outlet. They also have access to better aerial disease management protocols, which is costly for small independent farms. While contract farming seems a better choice for our farmers, there are still controversies surrounding these arrangements. Farmers complain that MNCs control prices and the companies do not reflect the increases in the foreign market. Since the farmers are contract-bound, they can not diversify their farms to have alternative sources of income. Due to this, some farmers prefer to be non-contract farmers. They sell their products in spot markets as the pricing usually reflects the foreign market, and spot markets have lesser quality requirements. However, non-contract farmers are more susceptible to profit loss than contract farmers as prices in spot markets are unstable. There is also zero financial and technical assistance from spot buyers, which leads to non-contract farmers having lesser access to new knowledge and technology on banana farming. 

Hence, the paper suggests that the government craft training, policies, and programs that focus on aiding and protecting our Cavendish Banana farmers’ welfare. More effective mechanisms to regulate contracts should be explored to help address the risks in contract farming. It also suggests that comprehensive training education that addresses the resilient and sustainable production of Cavendish Banana amidst the threat of climate change and diseases be provided to our farmers. Financial support and access to reliable credit lenders to enable smallholder farmers to have capital should also be looked into and examined. Overall, the government should provide more aid to our farmers to improve their welfare and ensure our country’s productivity and competitiveness in the Cavendish Banana production globally. 

Read the full article here: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40003-021-00544-0